화학

.As protons are added one by one to the nucleus to build up the elements, electrons are similarly added to these hydrogen-like orbitals. .H : 1s1 .He : 1s1 .B : 1s22s22p1 .모든2p 궤도하수들은동일한에너지를가지므로(축퇴) 2p 궤도함수중어디에들어가는가하는것은중요하지않다Aufbau Principle 1s 2s 2p .As protons are added one by one to the nucleus to build up the elements, electrons are similarly added to these hydrogen-like orbitals. .H : 1s1 .He : 1s1 .B : 1s22s22p1 .모든2p 궤도하수들은동일한에너지를가지므로(축퇴) 2p 궤도함수중어디에들어가는가하는것은중요하지않다Aufbau Principle 1s 2s 2p .The lowest energy configuration for an atom is the one having the maximum number of unpaired electrons allowed by the Pauli principle in a particular set of degenerate orbitals .C : 1s22s22p2 .O : 1s22s22p4 .Ne : 1s22s22p6 Hund’s Rule 1s 2s 2p .The lowest energy configuration for an atom is the one having the maximum number of unpaired electrons allowed by the Pauli principle in a particular set of degenerate orbitals .C : 1s22s22p2 .O : 1s22s22p4 .Ne : 1s22s22p6 Hund’s Rule 1s 2s 2p .원자에서가장바깥의주양자준위에있는전자 .Inner electrons are called core electrons .같은족에있는원소들은(주기율표에서세로칸) 동일한원자가전자의배치를가지고있다 .동일한원자가전자의배치를갖는원소들은유사한화학적성질을가진다Valence Electrons .원자에서가장바깥의주양자준위에있는전자 .Inner electrons are called core electrons .같은족에있는원소들은(주기율표에서세로칸) 동일한원자가전자의배치를가지고있다 .동일한원자가전자의배치를갖는원소들은유사한화학적성질을가진다Valence Electrons Broad Periodic Table Classifications .Representative Elements(main group) .filling s and p orbitals (Na, Al, Ne, O) .1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, 7A, 8A 족의이름들은그족에있는원자들의원자가전자의총개수를나타낸다Broad Periodic Table Classifications .Representative Elements(main group) .filling s and p orbitals (Na, Al, Ne, O) .1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, 7A, 8A 족의이름들은그족에있는원자들의원자가전자의총개수를나타낸다 Broad Periodic Table Classifications .Transition Elements .filling d orbitals (Fe, Co, Ni) .Lanthanide and Actinide Series (inner transition elements) .filling 4f and 5f orbitals (Eu, Am, Es) Broad Periodic Table Classifications .Transition Elements .filling d orbitals (Fe, Co, Ni) .Lanthanide and Actinide Series (inner transition elements) .filling 4f and 5f orbitals (Eu, Am, Es) Periodic Table .주기율표의각부분에있는원소들에서전자가채워지는궤도함수들 .(n+1)s 궤도함수가nd 궤도함수보다먼저채워진다Periodic Table .주기율표의각부분에있는원소들에서전자가채워지는궤도함수들 .(n+1)s 궤도함수가nd 궤도함수보다먼저채워진다 Periodic Table .원소기호, 원자번호, 전자배치를나타낸주기율표Periodic Table .원소기호, 원자번호, 전자배치를나타낸주기율표 Ionization Energy .The quantity of energy required to remove an electron from the gaseous atom or ion .X(g) .X+(g) + e- .Al(g) .Al+(g) + e-I1 = 580KJ/mol .Al+(g) .Al2+(g) + e-I2 = 1815KJ/mol .Al2+(g) .Al3+(g) + e-I3 = 2740KJ/mol .Al3+(g) .Al4+(g) + e-I4 = 11,600KJ/mol .일차이온화에너지(first ionization energy) I1은원자에서가장높은에너지상태의전자를제거하는데필요한에너지이다Ionization Energy .The quantity of energy required to remove an electron from the gaseous atom or ion .X(g) .X+(g) + e- .Al(g) .Al+(g) + e-I1 = 580KJ/mol .Al+(g) .Al2+(g) + e-I2 = 1815KJ/mol .Al2+(g) .Al3+(g) + e-I3 = 2740KJ/mol .Al3+(g) .Al4+(g) + e-I4 = 11,600KJ/mol .일차이온화에너지(first ionization energy) I1은원자에서가장높은에너지상태의전자를제거하는데필요한에너지이다 Periodic Trends .단계적인이온화과정에서우선적으로제거되는전자는항상가장높은에너지상태의(가장약하게결합된) 전자이다 .모든3주기원소들에대한이온화에너지값 .각경우원자가전자들을제거하다가핵심부전자를제거하게되면에너지가크게증가Periodic Trends .단계적인이온화과정에서우선적으로제거되는전자는항상가장높은에너지상태의(가장약하게결합된) 전자이다 .모든3주기원소들에대한이온화에너지값 .각경우원자가전자들을제거하다가핵심부전자를제거하게되면에너지가크게증가 Periodic Trends .First ionization energy .increases from left to right across a period .decreases going down a group Periodic Trends .First ionization energy .increases from left to right across a period .decreases going down a group Periodic Trends .전형원소들의이온화에너지에서관찰되는경향성Periodic Trends .전형원소들의이온화에너지에서관찰되는경향성 Electron Affinity .The energy change associated with the addition of an electron to a gaseous atom .X(g) + e-.X-(g) .원자번호에따른전자친화도의변화는전자배치에따른전자반발의변화로설명 .한주기내에서왼쪽에서오른쪽으로갈수록전자친화도는더큰음의값을갖고 .주어진족에서아래로갈수록핵으로부터먼거리에전자가더해지므로전자친화도는더큰양의값을가져야한다(더적은에너지방출) .일반적으로이러한경향을따르지만대부분의족에서그값의차이는비교적작으며많은예외가따른다Electron Affinity .The energy change associated with the addition of an electron to a gaseous atom .X(g) + e-.X-(g) .원자번호에따른전자친화도의변화는전자배치에따른전자반발의변화로설명 .한주기내에서왼쪽에서오른쪽으로갈수록전자친화도는더큰음의값을갖고 .주어진족에서아래로갈수록핵으로부터먼거리에전자가더해지므로전자친화도는더큰양의값을가져야한다(더적은에너지방출) .일반적으로이러한경향을따르지만대부분의족에서그값의차이는비교적작으며많은예외가따른다 Electron Affinity .처음20개원소들중안정하고고립된X-이온들을형성하는일부원자들에대한전자친화도값Electron Affinity .처음20개원소들중안정하고고립된X-이온들을형성하는일부원자들에대한전자친화도값 Periodic Trends .원자반경(Atomic Radii) .원자반경(r)은동일한원자들로구성된분자에서핵과핵사이의거리의반 .한주기에서왼쪽에서오른쪽으로가면서원자반경이감소하는데이러한경향은오른쪽으로가면서유효핵전하가증가하기때문(가리움이감소) .족에서아래로감에따라원자반경은증가하는데이는주양자준위가증가함에따라궤도함수의크기가커지기때문이다Periodic Trends .원자반경(Atomic Radii) .원자반경(r)은동일한원자들로구성된분자에서핵과핵사이의거리의반 .한주기에서왼쪽에서오른쪽으로가면서원자반경이감소하는데이러한경향은오른쪽으로가면서유효핵전하가증가하기때문(가리움이감소) .족에서아래로감에따라원자반경은증가하는데이는주양자준위가증가함에따라궤도함수의크기가커지기때문이다 Periodic Trends .Atomic radii (in picometers) for selected atoms Periodic Trends .Atomic radii (in picometers) for selected atoms Information Contained in the Periodic Table .Each group member has the same valence electron configuration .원자의화학을결정하는주요인은원자가전자들의종류와수이다 .주족원소에대한전자배치 .Certain groups have special names .alkali metals, halogens etc .Metals and nonmetals are characterized by their chemical and physical properties .이온화에너지와전자친화도Information Contained in the Periodic Table .Each group member has the same valence electron configuration .원자의화학을결정하는주요인은원자가전자들의종류와수이다 .주족원소에대한전자배치 .Certain groups have special names .alkali metals, halogens etc .Metals and nonmetals are characterized by their chemical and physical properties .이온화에너지와전자친화도 Periodic Table .주기율표에서일부족들에대한특별한이름들Periodic Table .주기율표에서일부족들에대한특별한이름들 알칼리금속 .1A 족의알칼리금속 .금속의가장특징적인화학적성질은하나또는두개의원자가전자를잃고양이온이되려는경향성이다 .금속중에서도가장화학적으로반응성이큰원소들로낮은이온하에너지를가지고있어서비금속들과반응하여이온성고체를형성알칼리금속 .1A 족의알칼리금속 .금속의가장특징적인화학적성질은하나또는두개의원자가전자를잃고양이온이되려는경향성이다 .금속중에서도가장화학적으로반응성이큰원소들로낮은이온하에너지를가지고있어서비금속들과반응하여이온성고체를형성 알칼리금속 .금속과비금속간의반응 .2Na(s) + Cl2(g) .2NaCl(s) .산화-환원반응 .비금속은산화제로금속은환원제로행동 .환원력의경향(실험적관찰) .Cs > Rb > K > Na > Li .알칼리금속에의한물의환원반응 .2M(s) + 2H2O(l) .H2(g) + 2M+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) + energy .매우격렬하고많은열을발생하는발열반응 .반응에대한환원력의순서.Li > K > Na .수용액중에서극성이강한물분자들에의해이온들이수화되는과정이M+ 이온이형됭되는데큰영양을주기때문에순서가바뀐다알칼리금속 .금속과비금속간의반응 .2Na(s) + Cl2(g) .2NaCl(s) .산화-환원반응 .비금속은산화제로금속은환원제로행동 .환원력의경향(실험적관찰) .Cs > Rb > K > Na > Li .알칼리금속에의한물의환원반응 .2M(s) + 2H2O(l) .H2(g) + 2M+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) + energy .매우격렬하고많은열을발생하는발열반응 .반응에대한환원력의순서.Li > K > Na .수용액중에서극성이강한물분자들에의해이온들이수화되는과정이M+ 이온이형됭되는데큰영양을주기때문에순서가바뀐다 알칼리금속 .이온의수화에너지(hydration energy) .물분자들이M+ 이온에들어붙은때일어나는에너지변화로대부분발열과정 .크기효과에의한전하밀도(charge density) 차이알칼리금속 .이온의수화에너지(hydration energy) .물분자들이M+ 이온에들어붙은때일어나는에너지변화로대부분발열과정 .크기효과에의한전하밀도(charge density) 차이